The calculation of reflections at low angles is an essential component of multiple procedures that involve compounds with extensive structural properties. These compounds have gained attention within ...

X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful non-destructive analytical technique used to evaluate crystalline materials and determine their structural properties. As one of the most widely used ...

XRD works by directing X-rays onto a crystalline material and analyzing the angles and intensities of the diffracted beams. The atomic planes within the crystal act as a three-dimensional grating, ...

Pigments and paints play a key role as industrial materials. The properties of a given pigment/paint system are determined largely by the particle size distribution. Particle size determines the ...

Imaging with X-rays is usually pretty disappointing. The expectation is that, because the wavelength is short—wavelengths of 10nm are about 40 times shorter than those of blue light—you’ll see lots of ...

The spectrum of laser technologies available to hackers has gradually widened from basic gas lasers through CO2 tubes, diode lasers, and now fiber lasers. One of the newer entries is the MOPA laser, ...