Historically, pharmaceutical products have been produced in a traditional ‘batch’ system, in which every operation is executed separately using a defined quantity of materials. In batch manufacturing ...

Development of technology to enable the real-time monitoring and control of pharmaceutical manufacturing methods has received a lot of attention in the recent years. For instance, the FDA’s quality by ...

We now live in an exciting era, where for the first time, biological systems are being understood at a molecular level. Because the functions of proteins are determined by their three-dimensional ...