A wide variety of synthetic biological circuits have been constructed to endow cells with functions analogous to those of electronic circuits. A long-term goal of these efforts has been to develop ...

Members can download this article in PDF format. For market growth to occur at desired levels, suppliers must meet consumer demand for compact electronic devices that integrate multiple functions. To ...

Design of CMOS digital integrated circuits, concentrating on device, circuit, and architectural issues. Analysis and design techniques in custom integrated circuit design, standard cells, memory. Use ...

As data speeds push into the multi-gigabit range and requirements on digital systems grow more complex, cutting down the time-to-market while also ensuring error-free reliable designs seems impossible ...

The process of designing, manufacturing, and testing ICs is complex and exhaustive. The main contributors are the design and verification teams, IP vendors, and IC manufacturers. The process of ...

When I was an engineering student, I was fascinated about such subjects as Analog electronics, Logic Design, Microcontrollers etc.I loved the time I spent in my college laboratories, but unfortunately ...

Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...