The atomic force microscope (AFM) has been a key instrument in the development of nanoscience and nanotechnology over the past 25 years 1. Unlike most forms of imaging, it does not rely on electrons ...

Cells exert, sense, and respond to physical forces through an astounding diversity of mechanisms. Here we review recently developed tools to quantify the forces generated by cells. We first review ...

Wave energy is an elegant idea but it demands a nontrivial analysis of forces at work on equipment that converts tides and ocean waves to electrical power. In the quest for green energy, engineers ...