All sorts of physical processes in this analog world exhibit some degree of randomness. Think of noise, for example. Many noisy processes are described by Gaussian probability distributions. We should ...

It may be misleading to estimate value-at-risk (VAR) or other risk measures assuming normally distributed innovations in a model for a heteroscedastic financial return series. Using the t-distribution ...

Often the time derivative of a measured variable is of as much interest as the variable itself. For a growing population of biological cells, for example, the population’s growth rate is typically ...