This article was published in Scientific American’s former blog network and reflects the views of the author, not necessarily those of Scientific American The very first line of defence against any ...

Our bodies hold many levels of immune defense.Physical barriers like skin, the innate immune system, and our body’s most powerful defender, the adaptive immune system. Millions of B cells and T cells ...

The immune system’s front line of defence against pathogens are the barriers presented by surfaces including the skin, gut mucosa and airway epithelium. Whilst providing a physical barrier through a ...

Mucosal tissues, including the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and skin, are crucial barriers against external pathogens. Beyond their physical barrier function, mucosal membranes foster a symbiotic ...

Pioneering research led by Brazilians describes the immune system's reactions in detail in the first living patient to receive a genetically modified pig kidney transplant. This paves the way for the ...