This paper is the study of the QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift keying) modulation technique using AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) and Multipath Rayleigh fading channel. In QPSK scheme the authors ...

The demand for greater data throughput seems endless, and it is accelerating faster than many people expected, creating bottlenecks in fiber-optics networks. Digital transmissions of 100 Gbps, which ...

One of digital communication's most useful tools, both analytically and practically, is the constellation diagram. These diagrams encompass signal constellations, which chronologically and ...

Fig 1. In this view of the architecture of an optical analyzer, the coherent reference receiver serves as the optical front end to the digitizer, taking as inputs two single-mode fibers, one carrying ...