A modular circle of size -3 wouldn't make much sense. However, if we wanted to find out the remainder of A/B when B is negative, we can simply multiply A/B by -1/-1 to make B positive.

Use fast modular exponentiation as described in the next lesson. Right after that lesson there is a calculator for modular exponents, so you can check your calculations.

Can anyone help me? I understand modulo arithmetic but I cannot understand congruence modulo and how to solve this. It is really frustrating.

So as you can see, we are not dividing, but instead using modular inverses. The end result looks like we are dividing and intuitively what we are doing is similar, but is important to note that we …

Let's explore the addition property of modular arithmetic: (A + B) mod C = (A mod C + B mod C) mod C Example: Let A=14, B=17, C=5

This Arithmetic course is a refresher of place value and operations (addition, subtraction, division, multiplication, and exponents) for whole numbers, fractions, decimals, and integers.

Unit 1 Polynomial arithmetic Unit 2 Complex numbers Unit 3 Polynomial factorization Unit 4 Polynomial division

This has given us a method to calculate A^B mod C quickly provided that B is a power of 2. However, we also need a method for fast modular exponentiation when B is not a power of 2.

Do the set operations have an order of precedence in the same way the operations of arithmetic do. In this example it's not clear to me if you do the union with (B intersect C) before or after …

Most modern cryptography relies on modular arithmetic. Two notable example are RSA and Diffie Hellman. Older ciphers like the Caesar cipher, Vigenere cipher, and Affine ciphers use it too.